Nepalese Politics and Society: 90 short answer questions

1. What is political geography? What is discussed under it?

In political geography, the political territory of the countries is studied. In political geography, the boundary of nation, area of a nation, landscapes found in a nation are studied.

2. Asia is called the land of extreme. Why?

Asia is called the land of extreme because Asia has comprised of the tallest mountain in the world, the largest country of the world, deepest sea, saltiest lake, the lake at the highest altitude, and so on, which makes it the land of extreme.

3. What is the area of Nepal? Write its area covered in Asia and the world?

The area of Nepal is 147181 sq. km. Nepal covers 0.03% and 0.003% of the land area on Asia and Earth respectively.

4. State the longitude and latitude of Nepal.

The longitude and latitude of Nepal is 26^O 22” N to 30^O 27 N and 80^O 4 E to 88^O 12E

5. Which mountain has been taken as a base for calculating the time zone of Nepal?

Gaurisankar Mountain has been taken as a base for calculating the time zone of Nepal.

6. Nepal is called the land of extreme. Why?

Nepal is called Land of extreme because Nepal has diversified vegetation and biodiversity within the span of 200 Km. With the rise in altitude by 165 m, the temperature falls by 1^O Celsius, so Nepal has the climate of tropical region and tundra region too.

7. Which is the deepest valley, deepest gorge, and highest human habitant place in Nepal?

The deepest valley is Arun Valley, the deepest gorge is Kaligandaki Gorge, and the highest human habitant place is Simikot, Humla.

8. “I never hesitate to say Nepal is the most beautiful … country of the world”. Whose statement is this?

It was said by Tony Hagen.

9. Name the desert of Nepal.

Mustang is considered as the cold desert of Nepal.

10. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts. During whose kingship was conducted, when was it conducted and under whose guidance.

King Mahendra in 2028 B.S. under the guidance of the Geographer Harka Gurung.

11. What are the primary sources of history?

The primary sources include those data collected by the interviewee himself or herself or data collected from an eye witness, which is rare in case of historical events.

12. What are the secondary sources of history?

The secondary sources of history include monuments, inscriptions, coins, and so on.

13. Who was the first king of Ancient Nepal?

Bhuktaman is the first king of Ancient Nepal.

14. Name the king who participated in the Mahabharata War.

Yalamber participated in the Mahabharat War.

15. Who was the first king of Lichhavi?

The first king of Lichhavi was Supuspa according to the inscription of Jaya Dev II.

16. Who was Ajatasatru?

Ajatasatru was the powerful king of India who chased off Lichhavi from India.

17. Who is the first and last king of the Malla Dynasty?

The first Malla king is Ari Malla, and last Malla kings were: Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu, Tej Narasingh Malla of Patan, and Ranjit Malla of Bhadgaun.

18. Lichhavi Period is called “Period of Golden Age”. Give four salient reasons.

Lichhavi Period is called “Period of Golden Age” because of the following reasons:

a.      Well managed administrative system even with well-managed provinces or villages called Panchalis.

b.     A well-developed judicial system such as modern-day courts

c.      Economic flourishment; Chanakya describing Nepalese blankets in his famous book Arthasastra.

d.     Societal and religious harmony

e.      A flourish of art and architecture such as Pagado style; Araniko, the great architect, was born in the Lichhavi period

19. The medieval period is called the period of turbulence. Why? (Give five reasons)

The medieval period is called the period of turbulence because of the following reasons:

a.      The medieval period is the period of clash and wars; war within states both inside and outside Kathmandu Valley

b.     Frequent conspiracy in the palace to get hold of power among courters.

c.      Queens used to hatch a plan to plot a conspiracy to make their scion King, so ceaseless struggle among Queen.

d.     Dismantle of Nepal in 22 states in East and 24 states in the west.

e.      Society was divided by narrow domestic wall resulting to clash among the citizens

f.      Few developmental activities; destruction of innumerous monuments in Kathmandu Valley by Muslims; Doya Kingdom was completely ruined by Muslims

20. Ancient and Medieval societies have religious tolerance. What does it mean? Give any two examples.

Ancient and Medieval societies have religious tolerance. It means that people used to respect the people of other religion, and used to live together like brothers. There is no religious wars, chaos, and riot. People of Hinduism used to visit Buddhist temples, and vice-versa. Such as Mandev was the instinct follower of Vishnu, while Amshuverma was Buddhist, and Narendra Dev was a follower of Shiva.

21. Who was Nepalmandaleswar?

Yakshya Malla is also called Nepalmandaleswar.

22. Who was Sankhadar Sakhwa?

Sankhadar Sakhwa was the Sudra Merchant who is said to have paid off all the debt of denizens of Kathmandu Valley during the reign of Raghav Dev ensuing the rise of a new era called Nepal Sambat.

23. Who was the first and last king of Kantipur, Patan, and Bhadgaun?

The first kings were Ratna Malla of Kantipur, Purandhara Simha of Patan, and Raya Malla of Bhadgaun.

24. The history of Nepal is influenced by Geography of Nepal. How? (Give four points)

Geography has a significant influence on History. Some of the major points that illustrate how the history of Nepal is influenced by Geography of Nepal are as follows:

a.      Geography influences lifestyle

b.     Nepalese ancient warriors used Khukuri instead of Sword

c.      Geography has influences on human sexuality

d.     Geography has influences on the pace of development

25. What are the four reforms made by Bhimsen Thapa?

The four main reforms by Bhimsen Thapa are as follows:

a.      Social reforms

a.      Attempt to eradicate slavery system

b.     Reformation in the marriage system

c.      Reformation in customs and tradition of Newar people

b.     Economic reforms

a.      Reformation of Customs

b.     Improvements in Malpot office

c.      Improvement in the measurement system

d.     Uniformity in interest rates

26. What were the major five causes behind the fall of the Parliamentary system in 2017 BS?

The major five causes behind the fall of the parliamentary system in 2017 BS are as follows:

a.      Lack of unity among political parties.

b.     The strong faith of people towards King.

c.      The diplomacy of King Mahendra

d.     The ideological clash between King and Prime minister

e.      Lack of peace and order

27. What are the major three objectives of Land reform 2021?

The three objectives of Land reforms in 2021 are as follows:

a.      Equitable distribution of land

b.     Economic upliftment through an increase in agricultural products

c.      Propelling people to go back to the village

28. What are the impacts of Land Reforms in 2021 on the Nepalese Economy?

The major impacts of Land Reforms 2021 on Nepalese Economy are as follows:

a.      Increase in agricultural products

b.     The decrease in the rate of unemployment

c.      The tradition land measurement techniques got vanished

d.     Inefficient capital of land was used in other sectors.

29. What were the ancient land measurement units used in Nepal?

The ancient land measurement units used in Nepal are as follows:

a.      Kipat

b.     Birta

c.      Ukhada

30. What are the five basic agendas of Panchayat politics?

The five agendas of Panchayat politics are as follows:

a.      Back to the village

b.     Politics for development

c.      National reconciliation

d.     National referendum

e.      All Nepali Pancha, All Pancha Nepali

31. Who is called ‘Iron Man’ of Nepal?

Ganesh Man Singh is known as Iron Man of Nepal.

32. List any four attempts to eradicate Ranacracy.

The four attempts to eradicate Ranacracy are as follows:

a.      Revolt of Lakhan Thapa

b.     Propaganda in India against Rana Rule

c.      The Makai Parva

d.     Library Parva

e.      Establishment of Prachanda Gorkha

33. List any four attempts to eliminate Panchayat.

The four attempts to eliminate Panchayat are as follows:

a.      Janakpur Incident

b.     Jhapa Rebellion

c.      Timburebote Kanda

Visit this Link for further details:

https://imelearner.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/party-less-panchayat-system-by-king-mahendra-on-1st-poush-2017-b-s/

34. Write any five special features of Nepal in the world.

The five special features of Nepal in the world are as follows:

a.      Biodiversity

b.     High variation in altitude

c.      A country with the highest number of peaks over 8000m

d.     A nation with a flag having two triangle

e.      A nation which has not been colonized in its history (Question even asked in KBC)

35. Write three main characteristics of the population of Nepal.

The three major characteristics of the population of Nepal are as follows:

a.      Unequal distribution of the population (51% of people live in Terai region)

b.     The majority of the population (About 81%) of Nepal follow Hinduism.

c.      Chhetri is the cast with the highest population

d.     People with age ranging from 15-59 forms the highest number of population.

e.      The population trends show that people from Himalayan and Hilly (predominantly) have migrated to Tarai.

f.      There are more number of female than the male with a sex ratio of 94.2 (Census, 2011)

Visit this Link for further details:

https://www.slideshare.net/RohanByanjankar/nepal-demographic-analysis-of-nepal-comparative-study-of-various-census-and-their-data-analysis

36. State the religious composition of the population of Nepal.

The religious composition of the population of Nepal has been presented below:

a.      Hinduism – 81.3%

b.     Buddhism – 9%

c.      Islam – 4.4%

d.     Kirata – 3.1%

e.      Christian – 1.4%

f.      Others – 0.8%

Visit this Link for further details:

https://www.slideshare.net/RohanByanjankar/nepal-demographic-analysis-of-nepal-comparative-study-of-various-census-and-their-data-analysis (Slide 32)

37. Nepalese are religious tolerant people. How?

Nepalese are religious tolerant people. This statement can be proved from the following points:

a.      All people from different religion lives in Nepal in peace.

b.     People have a feeling of brotherhood

c.      Hindu people visit a Buddhist temple, and vice-versa.

d.     Muslims and Christians are also respected in the nation.

38. Which principle is Nepal’s foreign policy is based on?

Nepal’s foreign policy is based on the Non-Aligned Principle or Panchsheel.

39. What are the dynasties who ruled Nepal in the medieval period?

Malla, Khas, Doya, and Sen Dynasties rules Nepal in the medieval period.

40. Who is the first king of the Shah Dynasty?

Kulmandar Khand is considered to be the first Shah King, who later received Shah Title from Delhi emperor, Jahangir.

41. Who was Jahangir?

Jahangir was the Delhi emperor from whose Kulmandar Khad received Shah Title. He was the grandson of the great Emperor Akbar.

42. Jayasthiti Malla and Ram Shah are called reformer Kings. Why?

Jayasthiti Malla and Ram Shah are called reformer Kings because of the following reasons:

a.      Social reforms such as dividing society into four castes (Brahmin, Chhetri, Sudra, and Baisya) by Jayasthiti Malla, and 6 castes (^ Gharthar) by Ram Shah.

b.     Categorization of lands (Abbal, Doyam, Sim, and Chahar)

c.      Improvement in measurement unit (Mana, Pathi, Dharni and so on by Jayasthiti Malla and Ram Shah credited to 10 Muthi = 1 Mano, 8 Mano = 1 Pathi, 20 Pathi = 1 Muri)

d.     Judicial reforms (punishment system by Jayasthiti Malla and Chautari developed by Ram Shah)

43. What is meant by local bodies?

Local bodies refer to the administration of the local affairs of a city, town. It is the smallest unit of administration in the nation

44. How many local bodies are there in Nepal?

There are 744 local bodies in Nepal.

45. How is the Village Development Committee formed?

The Village Development Committee consists of:

Chairman – 1; Deputy Chairman – 1; Ward President – 9  1 = 9; Members in VC = 11

A VDC consist of nine ward.

Formation of VDC

Chairman	1
Deputy Chairman	1
Ward President (9  1) --- (a)	9
Total number of members (X)	11

Ward Committee (9)

Ward president (a)	1
Woman ward member (b)	1
Ward members (c)	3
Total	5

Village Council

Member of VDC (X)	11
Ward member including women (94) [b+c]	36
Six nominated member	6
Total	53

46. What are domestic labor and foreign employment?

Domestic labor refers to the household works or any other ancillary works which are not part of professional work. Domestic labor has four components: housework, support work, status production, and child care.

Foreign employment refers to the engagement of workers in employment outside the political boundary of the nation. Such as Nepalese go to the Middle East for employment is an example of foreign employment.

47. “Dearth of manpower has made construction work dearer”. What does this signify?

“Dearth of manpower has made construction work dearer” signifies that there is an acute shortage of manpower or human resource due to the high flow of labor to foreign nations which have badly impinged the construction work that needs to be carried out during the time of the earthquake.

48. State the role of UNO in the development of Nepal.

The role of UNO in the development of Nepal are as follows:

a.      International recognition

b.     United Nation’s Mission in Nepal to aid in the peace process

c.      Freedom in trade

d.     Aid in globalization

49. State five measures to curb brain-draining?

The five measures to curb brain-draining are as follows:

a.      Development of industries in own nation

b.     Flourishing of tourism

c.      Maintaining political stability

d.     Maintaining economic stability

e.      Consolidating business confidence in people

f.      Generating employment opportunities

g.     Providing free schooling education

h.     Providing subsidy for agricultural and infant industries

50. Write the apex body of SAARC?

The five apex body of SAARC are as follows:

a.      SAARC Chamber of Commerce & Industry (SCCI)

b.     South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in Law (SAARCLAW)

c.      South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA)

d.     South Asia Foundation (SAF)

e.      Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL)

f.      South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC)

51. Who are eastern orthodox?

Eastern orthodox is one of the sects of Christianity who believe in a single God, who is both three and one like in Hinduism. People of Eastern Europe are Eastern Orthodox.

52. How many sects are there in Hinduism? Mention

There are four sects in Hinduism. They are:

a.      Shaivism – a follower of Shiva

b.     Vaishnavism – a follower of Vishnu

c.      Shaktism – a follower of Goddess Shakti

d.     Smartism – follows five principle Gods and Goddesses: Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesh, Shakti, and Surya.

53. How many sects are there in Islam? State them

There are three sects in Islam. They are as follows:

a.      Siya – who believe that Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammad, must be his heir

b.     Sunni – who believe that Abu, the favorite pupil of Mohammad, must be his heir

c.      Sufi – who believes that one can find divine love and knowledge through personal experience with god.

54. List our five pillars of Islamism.

The five pillars of Islam are as follows:

a.      Faith to God

b.     Obligatory prayer

c.      Donation

d.     Fasting

e.      Pilgrimage to Mecca

55. Write an eightfold path by Gautam Buddha.

The eightfold path by Gautam Buddha are as follows:

a.      Right vision

b.     Right speech

c.      Right action

d.     Right mindfulness

e.      Right meditation

f.      Right effort

g.     Right livelihood

h.     Right resolve

56. Write the name of places famous for Buddhist pilgrims.

The names of places famous for Buddhist pilgrims are as follows:

a.      Lumbini – Birthplace of Buddha

b.     Gaya – Enlightenment of Buddha

c.      Sarnath – Place of teaching

d.     Kushinagar – Place of the demise

57. Mention the sects of Buddhism.

There are five major sects in Buddhism. They are:

a.      Hinayana

b.     Mahayana

c.      Vajrayana

d.     Tantrayana

e.      Lamaism

58. Some Buddhists wear a yellow dress while some wear pink. What’s the difference?

Hinayana Buddhists wear yellow dresses, while Mahayana Buddhists wear a pink dress.

59. According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072, mention any five circumstances in which the post of Chief Judge or other judges of the Supreme Court is dismissed.

The five circumstances in which the post of Chief Judge or other judges of the Supreme Court is dismissed are as follows:

a.      If chief justice submits his or her written resignation to the president or judges submits his or her resignation to the chief judge

b.     If his or her tenure attains the age of six

c.      If an impeachment resolution is passed according to Article 101

d.     If he or she is not performing well due to physical or mental illness

e.      If he or she is convicted by the court on criminal charges

60. How many judges in total must be appointed in Supreme Court?

The total numbers of judges appointed in Supreme court are 21

61. Mention the tenure of Chief Judge of Supreme Court?

The tenure of the Chief Judge of Supreme Court is 6 years

62. Mention the levels of court in the Federal Republic of Nepal.

The levels of court in the Federal Republic of Nepal is:

a.      Supreme Court – 1

b.     High Court – 7

c.      District Court – 77

63. What are the qualifications necessary to become Chief Judge?

The qualification necessary to become Chief Judge are as follows:

a.      A person shall have work for at least three years in Supreme Court as a Judge

b.     Any Nepali Citizen who holds (a) Bachelor degree of law (b) has worked as a chief judge or judge of High Court for seven years or have practiced law for at least 15 years as an advocate

c.      A person shall have worked as a gazetted officer first class or above of the judicial service for at least twelve years

64. What are the qualifications necessary to become Head Judge of High Court?

The qualification necessary to become Head Judge of the High Court are as follows:

a.      Any Nepali citizen who has a Bachelor Degree in law and has worked as a District Judge for at least five years or has practiced as a law graduate senior advocate or advocate for at least ten years; or

b.     has either taught law or conducted research thereon or worked in any other field of law for ten years or

c.      Worked in any post of a gazetted first-class officer of the Judicial Service for at least five years shall be considered eligible for appointment as Chief Judge or other Judge of the High Court.

65. What is a vote of no confidence? State any two rules regarding the vote of no confidence as per the constitution of Nepal 2072.

Vote of no confidence is the vote which states the strong disappointment towards a person in a position due to his or her incompetence in performing the responsibility and eventually indicating that a person in the position is no longer deemed to befit to hold that position.

The rules regarding the vote of no-confidence are as follows:

a.      Vote of no confidence shall not be tabled for the first two years of the formation of the government and another one year in case of failure of a vote of no-confidence.

b.     One-fourth of the total numbers of the member may table a vote of no confidence against Prime minister, and Chief Minister.

66. What do you mean by impeachment? State any two rules regarding impeachment as per the constitution of Nepal 2072?

Impeachment is the formal accusation of wrongdoing against a public official such as Prime minister, chief justice, and so on.

The two rules regarding impeachment as per the constitution of Nepal 2072 are as follows:

a.      One-fourth of the number of then members of House of Representatives may move a motion of impeachment against President, Vice President, Chief Judge of Supreme Court, and so on.

b.     If the motion is approved by at least two-third majority of the total number of then members, then the respective position holder shall vacant the post.

67. State the salient features of the Constitution of Nepal 2004?

The salient features of the Constitution of Nepal 2004 are as follows:

a.      The first constitution of Nepal

b.     Proclaimed by Prime Minister Mohan Shumsher

c.      It consisted of 6 parts, 68 articles, and 1 schedule

d.     Promulgated on 1^st Baisakha, 2005

e.      It was a constitution without implementation

68. State the salient features of the Constitution of Nepal 2019?

Some of the salient features of the Constitution of Nepal 2019 are as follows:

a.      Proclaimed by King Mahendra

b.     Establishment of Party Less Panchayat System

c.      It consists of 20 parts, 97 articles, and 2 schedules

d.     Promulgated on 1^st Poush, 2019 BS.

e.      It was amended three times.

69. Under whose chairmanship, the constitution of Nepal 2048 was drafted?

Under the chairmanship of Bishwonath Upadhaya, the constitution of Nepal 2048 was drafted.

70. Under whose chairmanship the constitution of Nepal 2063 was drafted?

Under the chairmanship of Laxman Aryal, the constitution of Nepal 2063 was drafted.

71. Under whose chairmanship the constitution of Nepal 2063 was drafted?

Under the chairmanship of Subas Chandra Nerman, the constitution of Nepal 2072 was drafted.

72. Constitution of Nepal 2063 is called the Interim Constitution of Nepal. Why?

Constitution of Nepal 2063 is called the Interim Constitution of Nepal because it was intended to serve for a short transitional period until a permanent constitution is adopted; however, it lasted for about 9 years and was amended multiple times.

73. State the salient features of the Constitution of Nepal 2072?

The salient features of the constitution of Nepal 2072 are as follows:

a.      A candidate who has been defeated in the election cannot be Prime Minister

b.     Declaration of seven provincial governmental system

c.      Three levels of administration: Central or Federal, State or Provincial, and local

d.     Vote of no-confidence shall not be tabled until the completion of two years of the formation of a government

e.      There shall be 59 members in Upper house composed of 56 members from seven states and 3 nominated by President

f.      Every province can choose their respective capital.

For more details:

https://imelearner.wordpress.com/2017/09/07/constitution-of-nepal-2072/

74. How many parts, sections, and schedules are there in the constitution of Nepal 2048 and 2072?

In the Constitution of Nepal 2048, there are 23 parts, 133 articles, and 3 schedules; in the constitution of Nepal 2072, there are 35 parts, 308 articles, and 9 schedules.

75. Name the first constitution of the world.

The American constitution is considered to be the world’s first complete constitution.

76. Name the longest and the shortest constitution of the world.

Indian constitution is the longest constitution of the world with 22 parts, 444 articles, and 118 amendments, and the United States Constitution is the shortest constitution of the world with 7 articles and 27 amendments.

77. Give two examples of successful governance under monarchy and republic respectively.

The successful governance under monarchy includes the Kingdom of Japan and the United Kingdom; while successful republic nations include the United States and China.

78. What do you mean by theocratic?

Theocratic is the form of a totalitarian governance system which is governed by religious leaders or is guided by religion.

79. There is a balance of power in a democracy. How?

There is a balance of power in a democracy. This statement can be justified by illustrating the basic structure of democratic governance: legislative, executive, and judiciary. Legislative makes the law, the executive implements law made by legislative, and Judiciary monitors the formation as well as the implementation of the law, or defines the law. So, there is a check and balance of power.

80. The local election is held after almost 18 years. Write down its five significance.

The five significance of local election are as follows:

a.      Nominating of local candidates

b.     The pace of development rises as the local government is formed

c.      Utilizing funds at the local level efficiently.

d.     Providing easy services to citizens of the nation through local units

e.      Decentralization of power to the local bodies.

81. According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072, mention any five circumstances in which the prime minister shall vacant the Office?

The Prime Minister can be dismissed from Office in the following circumstances:

a.      If he or she put the resignation letter in writing to President

b.     If the vote of no-confidence is passed against him or her under Article 100

c.      If he or she ceases to be a member of the House of Representatives

d.     If he or she dies

e.      if the motion of impeachment is passed against him or her

82. According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072, mention any five circumstances in which the government can be dismissed?

The government can be dismissed under the following circumstances:

a.      If the council of minister agrees to dissolve the government

b.     If the motion of impeachment is passed against the government

c.      If the vote of no-confidence is tabled passed against the government

83. According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072, mention any five circumstances in which the president shall vacant the post?

The five circumstances in which the president shall vacant the post are as follows:

a.      If he or she writes resignation to the vice-president

b.     If the motion of impeachment is passed under article 101 against him or her

c.      If his or her term of office expires

d.     If he or she dies

e.      If he or she is convicted by the court on criminal charges

84. Which governmental system does Nepal follow?

Nepal follows a Parliamentary governmental system.

85. In which governmental system president is powerful. Give an example.

In the Presidential governmental system, the president is powerful. Such as in the United States, Russia, and China.

86. In which governmental system prime minister is powerful. Give an example.

In Parliamentary governmental system prime minister is powerful such as in Nepal, India, and Pakistan.

87. According to the constitution of Nepal 2072, how many houses will be formed in central and state; also mention the number of members?

The legislature of Central shall be bicameral: National Assembly and House of Representatives which consist of 59 members and 275 members respectively.

The legislature of state shall be unicameral only consisting of House of Representatives.

It should consist of members in a number twice as many as numbers of members elected in the House of Representatives from the concerned State through the first past the post electoral system, (b) The number of members elected through first past the electoral system shall be considered to be sixty percent, and the rest forty percent members to be elected, through the proportional electoral system.

88. Which river of Nepal flows in the opposite direction?

River Karmanasa flows in the opposite direction.

89. Name the major ethnic groups of Nepal.

The major ethnic groups of Nepal are as follows:

a.      Newar

b.     Magar

c.      Tharu

d.     Gurung, Sherpa…

90. Write the numbers of parts, articles, and schedules of the Constitution of Nepal 2004, 2007, 2015, 2019, 2047, 2063, and 2072. Also mention who proclaimed it on which date. (Very-Very Important)

Constitution	Parts	Articles	Schedules	Proclaimed by	Promulgated Date (BS)
2004	6	68	1	Padhma Shumsher	1st Baisakh, 2005
2007	7	73	3	King Tribhuvan	17th Chaitra, 2007
2015	10	77	3	King Mahendra	1st Falgun, 2015
2019	20	97	2	King Mahendra	1st Poush, 2019
2047	23	133	3	King Birendra	16th Jestha, 2047
2063	25	167	4	Legislative Parliament	1st Magh, 2063
2072	35	308	9	Legislative Parliament	3rd Ashwin, 2072

Points to remember,

1. Present President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Judge of Supreme Court